The living races and peoples of
Europe

Let
us now superimpose the different maps which have been compiled to
illustrate the distribution of anthropological traits in Europe. The
extreme regions of the various anthropological traits would only on rare
occasions be identical. Hence, only a few, completely satisfactory,
comprehensive geographic correlations would be produced. We consider,
therefore, not the individual combination types (which also do not appear
directly on the maps), but only the mean types of the actual regions. Thus
a great quantity of different local combinations of these values is
already indicated.

We have
prepared a map of the racial geography of Europe, on which we have drawn
only the most sharply defined borders of the anthropological traits
analyzed here. Thus, a significant coincidence of different borders is
still frequently indicated. For example, at about the northern base of the
German central mountain region we find a distinct increase in pigmentation
and round-headedness (brachycephaly), coupled with a decrease in stature.
Another particularly strong accumulation of changes in values of racial
characteristics is found at the national boundaries between the
Scandinavians and the Lapps, and also between the Russians and the Kirghiz
peoples of Central Asia. In earlier times there were noticeable
differences between the Germans and the West Slavs (i.e., Czechs and
Poles) in anthropological traits, such as cranial height and frequency of
blood type gene q, and in the case of the Czechs also hair
colour.

Europe can
be divided, at least for pedagogical purposes, into four anthropologically
distinct quadrants. The point of intersection of these four regions
is approximately in the Lausitz area of central Germany and western
Poland. The four regions are listed below in decreasing order of
homogeneity:

1. A blood
type q-gene low, low- (and mostly also long-) skulled, rather tall,
and blond "Germanic" northwestern quadrant;
2. A likewise blood type
q-gene low, and low-skulled (with the exception of southern Spain),
but shorter-statured, and dark "Romanic" southwestern quadrant (still with
very variable breadth-length relation of the head);
3. A high-skulled
and rather dark Balkan southeastern quadrant (with very variable stature
and breadth-length index of the head), and blood type q-gene mostly
a little above the European mean;
4. A blood type q-gene high
and also high-skulled "SlavoFinnic" quadrant, with variable pigmentation
and stature, and mostly only a lesser degree of
round-headedness.

Outside of
these four quadrants remain the Lapp groups, and naturally also the small
Mongolid enclaves in Europe.

The
Anthropological Systematics of Europe

Apart from the above
rather artistic quartering of Europe, a synthetic anthropological map of
the continent appears mostly like a landscape of sand dunes. The maxima of
the different types have natural centers in the different regions of
Europe. However, they show mostly flowing transitions into one another.
The maxima are quite stable. But, for the most part, rather slow shifts of
these maxima in the course of time can be recognized. For they are neither
as firm as a granite mountain, nor as changeable as a stormy
sea.

Consequently, we find in many regions of Europe a population
concentrated around one predominant anthropological type. We can well
designate this type as a race, so long as we do not set greater standards
of homogeneity than the zoologists do for their races. We should not
conceive the races too narrowly, as if in each case all men in their
nuclear regions would be of almost the completely same
hereditary-type.

The names
of these races are now generally well known. To break with this
terminology would be a rejection of the biological rules of nomenclature.
The foundation of all classifications of the peoples of Europe is and
remains that of the (Russian-born) French zoologist and anthropologist
Joseph Deniker. Deniker, who died in 1918, worked out his classificatory
system for the races of Europe in the 1890's. However, he intentionally
did not consider the Finnish and Turkish peoples of our continent. Deniker
based his system upon the total anthropological material known at that
time. Naturally that material still showed many deficits.

Other
investigators have later altered, extended, or added to this
classificatory system-with more or less fortunate hand. My conception,
however, has been strongly influenced by the so-called newer biosystematic
school of Bernard Rensch, Ernst Mayr and Julian Huxley. Furthermore, I am
inclined to give much greater consideration to the height-length index of
the skull and to the distribution of the blood group alleles in my
anthropological systematic studies than occurred in the case of earlier
investigators.

As a modern
biologist I am less inclined than Deniker to award the status of race to a
scattered distribution, without historical and geographical grounds. I
prefer to think rather of parallel evolution in regions situated far from
one another. Hence, in this case one should speak of two distinct races
even if they are morphologically very similar. There are also often found
on closer consideration some pervading differences between two such races
which previously were not observed.

To be sure,
these differences are apparently insignificant, but obviously important
from the standpoint of anthropological systematics Here also, one can
often make use of differences in cranial height and sometimes of the blood
group allelic relations. Consequently, some of the races described by
Deniker, which are to be distributed in regions situated far from one
another, can be divided into two separate races: a western with low
cranial height and an eastern with higher values. This is particularly
true of the Mediterranean and Alpine races. By this means the map of the
races of Europe assumes a much more natural appearance (See Map 17).
However, I have not had to strike out any of Deniker's primary European
races and only one of his subraces. This is the Vistula race, which is
completely unclear to all anthropologists following Deniker. The Litorid
race of Deniker is still only a rather late hybrid-race. The specific
contributions of the author concern almost only a few insignificant
remnant races. These are primarily among the Finnic tribes which Deniker
did not take into consideration in his anthropological
systematics.

Map 17.
The geographical distribution of the races of europe.

The Races
of Europe - An Outline

Let us
begin with northwestern Europe. Here we encounter the Nordid race or the
North-race (the Nordic race of Deniker). The Nordid race is
light-eyed, mostly rather light-haired, low-skulled and long-skulled
(dolichocephalic), tall and slender, with more or less narrow face and
narrow nose, and low frequency of blood type gene q (See Figure 1).
The Nordid race has several subraces. The most divergent is the Faelish
subrace in western Germany and also in the interior of southwestern
Norway. The Faelish subrace is broader of face and form (See Figure 2). So
is the North-Atlantid subrace (the North-Occidental race of Deniker),
which is like the primary type, but has much darker hair. Above all in the
oceanic parts of Great Britain the North-Atlantid subrace is also very
high in blood type gene r and low in blood type gene p. The
major type with distribution particularly in Scandinavia is here termed
the Scandid or Scando-Nordid subrace.

In certain
outlying parts of Scandinavia and Ireland, a primitive race - the
Palaeo-Atlantid-still lives in small remnants (See Map 18). The
Palaeo-Atlantid race is darker than the Nordid race - especially as
regards to hair color. It is also coarser than the Faelish subrace, with
stronger brow ridges, and a broader, plumper nose. With respect to the
ABQ-blood group system, the Palaeo-Atlantid race is high in blood type
gene r and low in blood type genes p and q. In the
north, this race is named the Tydals race, after a village in central
Norway.

Map 18.
Early migrations of the races of europe (Lundman, 1957) (Natufids =
Prae-South-Mediterranids)

The short
and thickset brunet, Central European population with low and round
(brachycephalic) skulls and with round faces belongs to the
West-Alpine race (the Occidental race of Deniker). This race is
also low in the frequency of blood type gene q. A similar, but
high-skulled, type, with a higher frequency of blood type gene q,
is found further to the east in Europe. This is the East-Alpine or Gorid
race (See Figure 6).

The true
West-Mediterranean race (the Ibero-Insular race of Deniker) in
southwestern Europe is low-skulled and longskulled (dolichocephalic),
dark, short-statured, and gracile in body form (See Figure 3). This race
has a narrow face and is low in the frequency of blood type gene q.
Within this region, however, there are remnants of the still smaller
Berid race (See Map 18). This race is broader-formed in face and
nose, but very similar to the West-Mediterranean race in the other
anthropological traits - such as head form and pigmentation. The Berid
race is also low in the frequency of blood type genes p and
q.

In southern
Spain and southern Portugal we have a branch of the East-Mediterranean
race-the South-Mediterranean or Saharid subrace. This subrace is
also high-skulled, but very similar to the West-Mediterranean race in the
remaining anthropological traits. It is also low in the frequency of blood
type gene q. Likewise very similar, but higher in frequency of
blood type gene q, is the Pontid subrace of the East-Mediterranean
race. This subrace is found in certain regions west and north of the Black
Sea.

The
Arabid race (i.e., the Bedouins, et al.) is distinguished from the
West-Mediterranean race almost only by a nevertheless unusually large
number of small, but very characteristic facial traits (See Figure 10).
These include the almond eyes, the "Semitic smile" (conditioned by
unusually deep Fossa canina), etc. This race had in earlier times a
broader-formed Syrid subrace, which was found among the farmers of
the "Fertile Crescent." It is now only typical of the Jews.

The
Dinarid race is very tall, dark, high-skulled and round-skulled
(brachycephalic), with a very large, long, but also rather broad, face and
with a large, more or less bent nose (See Figure 4). This race is low in
the frequency of blood type gene q. The Dinarid race probably
originated in south-eastern Europe.

The Dinarid
race has a very closely-related, somewhat shorter-statured, subrace in
southwestern Asia, namely, the Armenid subrace (See Figure 9). The
Armenid subrace has higher frequencies of blood type genes p and
q. The very much shorter-statured population around the Carpathian
mountain region of eastern Central Europe forms a special "hybrid-race"
("Mischrasse") - the Carpathid race (the Litoral race of Deniker).
This race, which resembles the east-Alpines in many anthropological
traits, has a larger nose. This is due to ancient Armenid strains (which
is also the view of Hungarian investigators). The Carpathid race evidently
originated from mixtures of Mediterraneans with Armenids.

In eastern
Russia we frequently have a very small, dark, high-skulled and also
long-skulled (dolichocephalic) race - the Volgid. This race has a
broader, somewhat protomorphic face and a smaller, plumper nose. The
Volgid race is high in the frequency of blood type gene q. Strains
of a similar race are found westward to Bohemia, where it is known as the
"Sudeten-race." Moreover, in the Balkans traces of an extraordinary
long-skulled (dolichocephalic) race are encountered - the Pre-Pontid type.
(These are not Gypsies).

In western
and central Russia, northern Poland, and, still stronger, in Estonia and
Finland, the East Baltid race is found. The East Baltids are
light-blond, high-skulled and round-skulled (brachycephalic), with a broad
angular face and a stub-nose (See Figure 5). This race is high in the
frequency of blood type gene q. It is polymorphic
(vielgestaltig). There are in Finland two subraces of the East
Baltid race, a western Tavastid subrace (the Sub-Nordic race of Deniker?)
and a more eastern Savolaxid subrace. The latter is smaller and somewhat
less brachycephalic than the former, but almost just as blond.

We classify
the Scandinavian Lapps as the Scando-Lappid or South-Lappid
race (also termed the Samid race). The Scando-Lappids are short-statured,
high-skulled and roundskulled (brachycephalic), and broad-faced (See
Figure 7). They have a weak lower jaw and are small-nosed. The
Scando-Lapps are very low in the frequency of blood type gene q and
are also unique in the remaining serological traits. The East-Lapps show,
in part, more Mongolid traits. However, the similarity of the two Lapp
groups in most anthropological traits is still extensive.

The
Mongolid strains in Europe belong mostly to the Kumid subrace of
the Altaid race. Some Mongolid elements in northeastern Russia belong to
another subrace - the Taigid. The former is very round-headed
(brachycephalic), and almost medium tall in stature. The Kumid subrace is
very high in the frequency of blood type gene q. The Taigid subrace
is more long-skulled (dolichocephalic) and very short in stature. It is
somewhat lower in the frequency of blood type gene q. Both Mongolid
subraces are thickset, very low-skulled, broad-faced and rather
broad-nosed.

Figure
1
Scando-Nordid Racial Type

Figure 2
Faelish
Racial Type

Figure
3
West-Mediterranean Racial Type

Figure 4
Dinarid
Racial Type

Figure 5
East-Baltid
Racial Type

Figure 6
East-Alpine
Racial Type

Figure 7
Scando-Lappid
Racial Type

Figure
8
East-Mediterranid Racial Type

Figure 9
Armenid
Racial Type

Figure 10
Arabid
Racial Type

The Races
and Peoples of Northwest Europe

We shall
now proceed to a brief description of the racial structure of the
individual lands of Europe. This covers the oldest time period accurately
known to us, the predominantly pre-industrial period of the middle of the
nineteenth century, with the national boundaries of that time. The reader
must always keep in mind the very summary and often extremely problematic
character of this description.

Let us
begin with the north of Europe. The nuclear area of the Scando-Nordid race
is shown on Map 19. We find strong strains of a rather dark, low-skulled
and weakly round-skulled "Alpinoid" race along the Norwegian west coast.
This race has just as little relation to the high-skulled and
round-skulled Scando-Lappids as the latter do to the
Mongolids.

Map 19. Nuclear area of the
Scando-Nordid race (Lundman, 1946). (The lines on the map enclose the nuclear
area of this race, apart from some small enclaves: Cephalic Index or
Breadth-Length Index (B.L.I.) of the head on the average below 80, stature at
most one cm. below the Swedish-Norwegian mean, and at most 7 % brown
eyes).

The rest of
Norway and Sweden is rather pure Nordic in race, with several local types
(Gauschlägen). The local type in the interior of southern Norway is
obviously identical with the Faelish subrace. In the most distant corners
of Scandinavia, Palaeo-Atlantid strains are found. Here and there on the
eastern coast of Sweden East-Baltid strains are also found. Such strains
in later times are occasionally found in the interior of Scandinavia -
especially in mining regions.

Iceland
possesses strong North-Atlantic strains. The islands of Denmark are
somewhat less Nordid than the mainland, due perhaps to Alpine admixture.
In comparison, the mainland province of Jutland is more Nordid in race.
The same is true both now and in earlier times of the Frisian regions in
Holland and in northwestern Germany. Moreover, this area is more Faelish,
but also shows weak Alpine strains.

Northeastern Germany has a similar racial structure to that
of the northwest. However, there are, in addition, south German Alpine
strains, which are explainable from the history of German settlement in
the East. Furthermore, there are weak East-Baltid strains, which were
probably brought about mostly by the Slavs. The relatively low frequency
of blood type gene q and the high degree of low-skulledness in this
part of Germany, however, indicate that the Slavic elements are smaller
than has been frequently believed.

The
non-Frisian Dutch population is racially more Faelish-Nordid in the north
of Holland. In the south of Holland there are weak Mediterranean and
Alpine strains. This is also true of the Flemish population in Belgium. In
addition, we find Litoral strains in many places on the Atlantic coast of
western Europe.

South
Germany and Austria are often less Nordic in race, especially in the
mountain regions. In the western areas the south Germans and Austrians are
more Alpine in race, while in the eastern areas, and also in Alsace, they
are often more Dinarid. In the outermost eastern German-speaking regions
we find East-Baltid strains with a higher frequency of blood type gene
q. The Rhine valley and large parts of the Swiss plateau are more
Nordid in race. So also is Vienna and its surrounding area in
Austria.

Switzerland
is divided into several language regions. The earliest inhabitants are of
uncertain origin, the Rhaetians in the southeast and the Ligurians in the
southwest. The Celtic Helvetii are the oldest tangible substratum of the
population. The Helvetii migrated into Switzerland from the northeast.
They inhabited the more fertile northern and western parts of the
land.

Then came
the Romans around the time of Caesar Augustus. They gave the land their
language for the time being. After the collapse of the Roman Empire, the
Germanic Allemani occupied the northern plain. Another Germanic people,
the Burgundians, settled the southwest up to the shore of Lake Geneva.
Linguistically, Allemani dialects of the Germanic language family became
predominant in the north of Switzerland. However, around Lake Geneva and
in the southeast Romanic daughter-languages continued.

Racially,
foreign elements have trickled into Switzerland in later times only in
small number, even though this migration has constituted a steady stream
due to conditions in the midst of Europe. The most important of these
later migrations were the often noble southern French Huguenots. The
Huguenots settled down around Lake Geneva in the sixteenth and seventeenth
centuries. The strikingly strong strain of tall Mediterranoids noticeable
in this region of Switzerland today can possibly be explained by these
late settlements.

However,
the German-speaking high-plain region of Switzerland, which from time
immemorial has been the core of the land, is still rather Nordic in race.
To the southeast of Switzerland, strong Dinaric strains are indicated. In
addition, there is an Alpine component in this part of Switzerland, as
well as somewhat further to the north. In the Appenzell region a
strikingly short-statured Alpine racial island predominates.

The Tessin
region which borders northern Italy shows some racial types which appear
Armenid-Arabid. Perhaps they entered this area with the Etruscans in
ancient times. Furthermore, all of western Switzerland is more
brown-haired than the east of the land. The original forest cantons are
strikingly gray-eyed. Geneva and Waadt are more longskulled
(dolichocephalic) than the rest of the country.

The British
Isles are more Nordid in race in the eastern regions. This is to be
expected from the history of settlement of these lands. In parts of the
counties of York and Lincoln and in the lowlands of Scotland, the
population is just as pronouncedly Nordid in race as in Sweden or
Friesland. The poorer parts of Scotland and almost all Ireland become
always more North-Atlantid in race toward the west. There are also local
survivals of the Palaeo-Atlantid proto-stock. We find Mediterranean
strains in the south of Wales, in some heath-regions of southwestern
England, and in a few bogregions in the interior of Ireland. In earlier
times marsh regions were more extensive in these parts of Ireland.
Nowadays a higher frequency of blood type gene q is found in these areas
of Ireland, which may perhaps be correlated with the Mediterranean racial
strain.

The Races
and Peoples of Southwest Europe

The
southwestern "Romanic" quadrant is predominantly Mediterranean-Alpine in
race. However, this part of Europe naturally contains many other racial
components. The northernmost parts of France are less Alpine than Nordid,
and also somewhat Mediterranean, in race. In comparison the Walloonish
region of Belgium, which is French-speaking in language, is more Alpine in
race.

Northeastern France is more strongly Dinarid, but above all
still Nordid-Alpine in race. Central France is predominantly Alpine in
race. Western France is a true patchwork of regions predominantly Alpine,
Mediterranean, and occasionally also Nordid in race. In the Perigord there
is even a region predominantly Berid in race. We find strong
North-Atlantid strains in the Celtic province of Brittany. These are
partly a result of Britons fleeing from southwestern England in the early
Middle Ages. Finally, in southern France the people are mostly Alpine, and
along the coast Mediterranean in race.

The Spanish
Basques belong predominantly to a Mediterranean subrace, which is also
rather closely related to the North-Atlantid subrace of the Nordid race.
In particular they are characterized by their athletic body-build or
constitution. This is indicated also by the sharp chin and the rather
large nose. However, the very pronounced degree of low-skulledness makes
it impossible to think in this connection of Dinarid or Litorid strains.
The Basques are also characterized by unique serological traits, such as
almost no blood type gene q and a very high frequency of the Rh-negative
blood type. In pigmentation the Basques are not at all homogeneous. In
addition, the French Basques contain Alpine strains. This results in an
easily distinguishable local type, Gautypus, with almost distended
temples.

North Spain
is predominantly West-Mediterranid in race, with several local types.
There are also Nordid strains, Alpine strains in the Asturian mountain
region, and weak Bend strains in Galicia. Northern Portugal resembles
Spanish Galicia in anthropological structure. The rest of the Iberian
peninsula is principally South-Mediterranid, with Berid strains in the
Sierra Nevada region. We find a strong Litorid mixture in a wedge-shaped
area in southeastern Spain. The whole southeast Spanish coast forms the
base of the wedge, while the point reaches deep into the land. There is
also a unique population isolate in the Castilian border region, which
unfortunately has still not been comprehensively investigated.

The island
of Sardinia is strongly Mediterranid in race and has in the interior many
Bend strains. Corsica is mostly Mediterranid. Sicily is similar in
anthropological structure. But according to its history it contains a
greater mixture of races. These include, among others, Armenids, but also
"African" strains, et al. Southernmost Italy possesses a similar
mixture of races, but with a still strong Mediterranean component. In
Campania, which is an old Etruscan colony, we likewise encounter not a few
Armenid and also Arabid strains.

Central
Italy is a mixture of Mediterranean and Alpine with Nordid and other
strains. There are Litorid elements in old Etruria, the Tuscany of today.
In this part of Italy we also find a somewhat higher frequency of blood
type gene q.

Further to
the north in Italy we have on the western side around Lucca again an
evidently strong island of long-headed Mediterraneans. To the east in the
Romagna region we find an East-Alpine-Dinarid mixture. A similar
anthropological structure is found in the Po-Valley. This region, however,
has a higher frequency of blood type gene q than the Romagna region. This
may be due to early Etruscan settlements.

In the
mountainous areas surrounding the Po-Valley, more Nordid blood is present.
This is especially noticeable in the relatively malaria-free regions,
situated more than 300 meters above sea level. Finally, a small
Mediterranean racial and climatic island is found around Lake
Garda.

The Races
and Peoples of Southeast Europe

East of the
Adriatic Sea lies Yugoslavia. This region is predominantly Dinarid in
race. The maximum is attained in the southern part of Yugoslavia, in
Herzegovina and still more in Montenegro. Other racial types are found in
the poor interior Alpine mountain regions. Toward Austria the frequency of
Nordid types increases. In the northeastern part of Yugoslavia East-Baltid
and also East-Alpine strains are found. Albania is somewhat less Dinarid
than Yugoslavia. Nordid, East-Alpine, and other strains are also present
in Albania.

In Greece
the Dinarids predominate only in the western part. Toward the northeast
more East-Mediterraneans are found. On the Aegean islands we often
encounter a rather primitive, dark, long- and low-skulled strain, probably
of the Berid race. Likewise there are in Greece blond individuals, both of
the Nordid and also the East Baltid race.

Bulgaria
and southeastern Macedonia appear to be predominantly East-Mediterranean
in race, with still unexplained Pre-Pontic, East-Baltid, and Nordid
strains. Only in the western part of Bulgaria are there some Dinarids. The
strikingly beautiful classical people of Old Rumania are similar in
anthropological structure, although somewhat more Dinarid. The Rumanians
of Transylvania show numerous Dinarid, and also East-Baltid as well as
Nordid types.

Hungary is
probably the most strongly racially-mixed land in Europe. However, it is
predominantly East-Baltid-Carpathid in race with Dinarid strains in the
western part of the country. In parts of the Pussta region in Hungary, we
find rather strong Mongolid strains.

The most
striking dark-haired Czechs are East-Baltid, East-Alpine and Carpathid in
race, with Nordid and other strains. With regard to blood groups the
Czechs and the Slovaks are not particularly similar to one another. We
find a higher frequency of blood type gene p in the west among the Czechs
and of blood type gene r in the east among the Slovaks.

Southwestern Poland shows similar relations. However, the
East-Alpine race is predominant in this area. In eastern Galicia the
Carpathids predominate, with more Dinarids in the high mountain
regions.
In comparison, northern Poland, Lithuania, and the bordering
parts of White Russia are somewhat blonder, although also very mixed
racially. These lands are thus more East-Baltid-Nordid in race. The
boundary between the more blond and the more brunet is apparently rather
sharply defined. This boundary follows here in an interesting way
approximately the plant-geographical boundary between the marsh-forest in
the north and the more open loess lands in the south.

The Races
and Peoples of Russia and Northeast Europe

In
southwestern Russia the predominantly East-Mediterranean region is
continued from the Moldau across to the Black Sea port of Odessa. In this
area we find a surprisingly low frequency of blood type gene q.
Around the Don river there is a region with a similar anthropological
structure. Perhaps these are vestiges of the descendants of the
Irano-Scythian tribes who inhabited southern Russia in ancient
times.

In
comparison, the population of the Ukraine proper is tall and round-headed.
Likewise, there are as many blonds as brunets. The Ukraine is strongly
East-Baltid-Nordid in race, but perhaps very Dinarid as well. The
population of central Great Russia is much shorter in stature with coarser
and rounder faces. This area is East-Baltid and East-Alpine in race, with
Nordid and other strains.

Mongolid
strains are only weakly present almost everywhere in European Russia. They
are strongest among the Karaite Jews in the Crimea.

Toward the
Volga river in eastern European Russia, the Volgid racial strains increase
in proportion. In some Volga-Finnish regions the Volgids probably
predominate. Here where formerly, and partly still today, countless Tatars
lived, we find the beginning of a stronger Mongolid admixture.

Among the
Turkic Bashkirs east of the Volga river, the Mongolid component is
dominant. However, it is not as strong as it is among the Khirgiz, who
live further toward Central Asia. In comparison, the more highly civilized
Tatars in southeastern Russia, from the Crimea up to Kazan, are strongly
mixed with remnants of the peoples of the Caucasus.

Northeastern Russia is predominantly East-Baltid and Volgid
in race. It also has some Nordid and Mongolid strains. Occasionally some
Lapp-like types are found in this region. On the White Sea and around Old
Novgorod the Nordid strains increase.

In the
former Baltic lands, the Estonians are very blond. They have
ash-blond-hair and light blue-grey eyes, are mostly tall, and medium to
moderately round-headed. For the most part, the Estonians are East-Baltid
and Nordid in race, the former more in the east and the latter more in the
west of the country. There are some weak, and certainly very ancient,
Mongolid traits. These comprise the slanted and flat position of the eyes,
coarse hair form, thick and dense skin, a higher frequency of blood type
gene q (on the average about 18%) than all surrounding regions, and
a surprisingly low frequency of blood type gene p.

The
Latvians resemble the Estonians in anthropological structure. However,
they are somewhat more round-headed and also somewhat darker in
pigmentation. The Latvians show some Dinarid and more East-Mediterranean
strains. The latter are concentrated in a remarkable manner in western
Courland. Very light, clear-blue eyes, rarely the East-Baltic
gray-white-blue eyes, are characteristic of surprisingly many Livland
Latvians, but less so of the Courland Latvians.

In Finland
around the turn of the century, the coastal population was in many regions
linguistically still purely Swedish. In comparison, the interior was, as
always, purely Finnish in language. Racially, the two nationalities were,
as so often, somewhat less distinct. Furthermore, the different
East-Baltid subraces are prominent among the Finns. These are the
Tavastids in the west and the Savolaxids in the east of Finland. The
border between these two subraces was up until recently rather sharply
defined.